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Propagation :
Mangostins and grown from seeds. The fruit generally contains one or two seeds, fertilization doesnot take place in mangostin. Hence advancement in breeding hasnot been achieved to the same measure as in the crop plant. The plant to come into their first bearing of fruit takes 9 to 10 years from the time of planting. Vegetative propagation could cut down the period. For medge grafting the mangostin seedings 2 – 2 1/2 years old were used as root stock.
Vegetative propagation. Well developed seeds from large fruits were collected and washed and pup removed. These were placed in poly of size 12cmx3cm with potting mixture 1:1:2 parts sand, top sod and cattlemanure. The seeds are placed 21/2” deep in pots and materned regularly. It should be kept in shade still it germinate. After germination it can be kept in sunlight and foliai fertilizers applied will encourage vigorous growth. When the plants are one year old it can be transfered to main field.
Grafting methods and techniques.
For medge grafting mangostin seedlings of 2 ½ years old are used as root stock. Seedling should be sprayed with foliar fertilizer regularly every two weeks to encourage vigrious growth. 3 weeks before grafting 2 gm. Of urea in 1 litre of mater is to be sprayed on the wholepant. Scien for grafting is to be collected from the motherplant at bud breaking stage during the main season. A meek before wedge grafting two-third of each leaf is to be trimmed of the selected scien. The root stock stump is cut at a nade. Where the growth is the same measurement as that of the scion at 1 ½ cm to 2 cm split is to be made through the wood on the root stock.
Cultivation Method
Seeds propagation is the Common method of growing neem trees. Neem tree can also be propagated by vegetative means - shoot cuttings.
How to raise plants in Nursery
Seeds are collected from June to August. It should be collected from 5 to 6 years old trees. Only fresh and ripe seeds should be collected. Seeds remain viable for a short period of 2 to 3 weeks only should be sown immediately.
Nursery is raised in beds of 90cm breadth and seeds should be planted 3 cm apart within a row, and depth of 2.5 cm. The beds are watered immediately using rose can. After about 3 months, seedlings are transplanted. The transplanted seedlings can be raised in polythene bags.
Irrigation for trees
Neem requires hardly any irrigation. A little irrigation will give good growth for seedlings.
Neem starts flowering from the 3rd to 5th year. Flowering is observed during January to May. The leaves starts to shed during February to March. The fruits are harvested when the colour of fruit turns green in bright yellow. Vigorous shaking of the branches is required to collect the ripe seeds.
Parts used
Every part of the plants is used - From roofs to flower.
Oil from fruit and leaves is a local stimulant, insecticide and antiseptic. Flowers are also stimulant.
A decoction of the bark with the addition of a little black pepper and chiretta is a popular remedy used for fever. Oil of neem is used for leprosy eczema and is also used for other skin diseases like ringworm, scabies etc.
Dry seeds possess the same properties as the oil when bruised and mixed with water or some other fluid and applied to itch. Powdered Kernel is used for washing the hair to expel lice.
Leaves eaten daily act as prophylactic to scorpion sting and snake poison. Leaves prevent the ravages of white ants. Paste of the leaves is used externally in case of small pox, leaves are also spread on the bed of small-pox patient.
English Name - Indian Labumum, Golden Shower Tree, Pudding pipe tree
Malayalam Name – kanikkonna
Scientific Classification
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Division | Magnoliophyta |
| Class | Rosopsida |
| Order | Fabales |
| Family | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily | Caesalpinioideae |
| Tribe | Cassieae |
| Genus | Cassia |
| Species | C. fistula |
Nearly all Parts of the cassia tree have medicinal properties. Cassia is one of the most beautiful trees of India. It is a small or medium size tree with compound leaves and large, shining, dark green leaflets. Flowers are bright yellow, in very large, hanging bunches. Fruit are 50-60 cm long in black or shining dark brown, almost cylindric. The tree is a conspicuous sight in flowers as well as in fruits and can be spotted in a forest even from long distance. The tree sheds its leaves during early summer (March - May) and is full bloom during this period.
ACTION & USES OF CASSIA IN AYURVEDA
Medicinal properties have attributed to nearly all parts of the tree. The fruits are however, most important and included in the Indian Pharmaceutical codex.
Constipation : The pulp from the fruit, called cassia pulp is a well-known laxative. It is highly beneficial in the treatment of constipation. About 50 grams of the pulp should be steeped in water over night, strained in the morning and drunk with 25 grams of sugar.
Common cold: The root of the cassia tree is useful when cold strikes. In case of a running nose, smoke from burning root should be inhaled. This will encourage the discharge of mucous and soon provides relief.
Skin Disorders: The leaves ground into a paste are applied to ringworm also. Old ringworm bark is also added to leaves and the paste is applied to the ringworm. Their juice is also used for relieve rheumatism and facial paralysis, the leaves can rubbed on the affected parts. Pulp of fruit is considered to be a good application for snake bite etc.
Other uses : Flowers in decoction are given in stomach affections. Some hill tribes eat the flowers.
Vanda culture
Vanda species come from the tropics of Asia from the high hills of India, through Thailand. It is a fast growing plant. Vanda often grown outdoors in shaded area. Vanda produce sturdy flower spikes of a dozen or more flowers. The flowers vary in size from about two to four inches some varieties are pure white, variegated, pink, blue and purple. They flower through the year. Round aerial roots being produced along the plant stem at different intervals.
Cultural requirement of Vandas
Temperature
Vandas grow best under warm daytime condition. High day time humidity is required, day time temperature should be 65° C. They need very story sunlight. It does not grow in indoor or fluorescent lights. Watch out for leaf burn, with bright sun light, 50% shade net should be provided to the plants.
During the growing season it need’s daily watering, as well as misting several time a daily. The potting medium should be moist.
Potting Mixture
Vanda can be raised in teak Wood hanging basket filled with charcoal pieces or in ordinary earthen pots with a suitable soil mixture consisting of leaf mould, brick pieces, small pieces of charcoal and coconut husk cut into small pieces in equal. Soft water or rain water is useful for good growth.
Fertilizers used
Vandas are heavy feeders. They need manure every week. During the growing season, vandas should be given a dilute solution of a complete fertilizer of high nitrogen. Fertilizers alone reduce flowering. N.P.K mixture as below should be given
Urea - 76 gm
Ammonia Phosphate - 65gm
Potassium Sulphate - 78 gm
SANTALUM ALBUM
English Name: SANDALWOOD
Habitat
This is a small evergreen tree grows wild and is cultivated in Indian states of Mysore, Coorg, Coimbatore, Kerala and in some parts of Malaysia, Australia and Newsland, when growing away from its natural habitat it tends to lose much of its essential oil from which is esteemed in medicine. In South India both wood and oil find their use in perfumes and medicines. Apart from this wood is put into use in carving. The tree is a root parasite.
Soil
Trees growing in hand, rocky, ferruginous, soils are rich in oil than those growing on fertile tract.
Climate
It grows best between attitudes of 700 to 1100m though it may go up to 1500m and descend as low as 300m.
Cultivation
Seed beds of 3 ½ ft. width and 30ft length are prepared with one part sand and 2part mud and one part dry cowdung. The seeds are spread uniformly over the bed covered with 1cm of sand and watered and mulehed with straw. The straws are removed when it starts to germinate. 2.5kg of seeds are required for l acre of land. To prevent fungal infection the beds are sprayed with 0.25% Dithane every 20 days. Application of 0.02% Ekalux in once in every month will avoid attach of nematode.
Seedling when they are 3 to 5 levies stage they are transplanted to poly bags 12 inches x 6 inches which contain 1 part cowdung, 2 part sand, 1 part red soil mixed together. Two seeds of redgram is planted into each poly bags. The redgram will be the host. The host plants are pruned periodically to check their growth. To avoid Nematode attack 2 gm of furdan is also applied poly bags. Healthy plants having a height of 1 feet are planted into pits of 60cm size at a spacing of loft into loft at the onset of monsoon.
In each pit along with sandal wood a hest plant is planted like cassurina Acacia. The host plants are pruned periodically to make maximum sunlight available to sandal tree. To get maximum heartwood side branches of the lower half of the main stem are removed.
Sandal wood tree starts to flower as early at the age of 3 to 4 years. The heart wood commences when the tree is between 30 to 70 years of age attaining to 50 to 75% of growth. The matured trees are uprooted and small branches are removed. Branches with heart woods are collected and stored.
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